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CFIUS の新パイロットプログラム：FIRRMA法における管轄権を拡大するアプローチの端緒となるか(CFIUS’s New Pilot Program Signals an Expansive Approach to Its Jurisdiction Under FIRRMA)
By Scott M. Flicker, Charles A. Patrizia, Robert Silvers, Randall V. Johnston, Quinn Dang & Talya R. Hutchison
In August 2018, Congress passed and the President signed the highly-anticipated Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (“FIRRMA”), significantly amending the authority and process of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) to review foreign direct investment that raises national security concerns.
In launching the new “pilot program,” CFIUS has served notice that it intends to aggressively exercise its expanded authorities under FIRRMA. Notably, the program—aspects of which have immediate impact—mandates that parties to all foreign investments in the defined group of industry sectors must submit those transactions for review, when specific triggers are met. Failure to comply carries a civil penalty.
Equally notable is what CFIUS’s approach to the design of the pilot program augers for its full implementation of FIRRMA authorities in the future. CFIUS appears poised to assume all powers conferred by Congress to review foreign investment transactions, including possibly mandating filings in circumstances beyond just those involving foreign government actors.
CFIUS Signals a Broad Approach
Most commentators and practitioners had initially focused on FIRRMA’s authorization mandating so-called “declarations” (short-form filings) for certain transactions involving foreign government interests.
In its document announcing the pilot program, CFIUS candidly explained that it sought to create a baleen-like “strainer” designed to capture the maximum volume of transactions falling within this scope “in order to understand and examine, in a comprehensive manner, the nature of foreign direct investment as it relates to critical technologies and pilot program industries.”
The impact of the pilot program’s “go broad” approach is tempered by the fact that, as described more fully below, it is focused on industries and transactions that in most cases experienced CFIUS lawyers would have counseled the parties to bring to the attention of the Committee through a voluntary filing. Still, parties doing deals in the industries covered by the pilot program need to have a thorough understanding of its scope, as failure to make a mandatory filing for a “pilot program covered transaction” could result in a civil penalty of up to the full value of the transaction.
Key Program Takeaways
As noted, the pilot program begins on November 10, 2018, and it will apply to any transaction covered under the program that has not closed prior to that date, or for which the parties have not entered into a binding written agreement prior to October 11, 2018. Mandatory declarations must be submitted no later than 45 days before closing.
Among key points for those who might fall within the scope of the program:
Only transactions in U.S. businesses operating within the 27 industries identified by CFIUS are covered, and then only if the U.S. business is involved in the design, development, testing or production of “critical technologies” designed for use in, or utilized in connection with the target’s activities in, one or more of the identified industries.
The program extends beyond those transactions in which the foreign investor acquires “control,” and covers even non-controlling investments, including minority positions, in a U.S. business.
Parties will need to assess whether their transactions fall within the scope of the new pilot program in the first instance. If so, they will face a choice whether to file a declaration or instead proceed through a full formal notice process before CFIUS. Either way, sufficient room will need to be built into the transaction timeline, and appropriate strategies for addressing CFIUS outcomes will need to be considered. For those covered pilot program transactions expected to close before the end of the year, parties have less than a month to prepare a declaration or submit a notice to the Committee.
Pilot Program Details
The pilot program (i) expands the scope of transactions reviewable by CFIUS to include investments, even non-controlling investments, by foreign persons in certain U.S. businesses that design, develop, test or produce “critical technologies” used in connection with the identified pilot program industries (so-called “pilot program covered transactions”) and (ii) requires that the parties to those transactions submit them for review, either through a “short-form” declaration procedure or a full notice.
Targeted Industries. The pilot program covers foreign investments in U.S. businesses that produce, design, test, manufacture, fabricate, or develop one or more “critical technologies” that are utilized in connection with the investment target’s activity in, or designed specifically for use in, one or more of the pilot program’s 27 identified industries. These industries
In its published notice, CFIUS asserts that the list of targeted industries “has been carefully developed by the U.S. government to narrowly scope the pilot program to include only those industries in which the threat of erosion of technological superiority from some foreign direct investment requires immediate action.”
Critical Technologies. The pilot program regulations implement FIRRMA’s definition of “critical technologies,” to cover (1) defense articles and services set forth in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations; (2) items controlled under the Commerce Control List for reasons related to national security, chemical and biological weapons proliferation, nuclear nonproliferation, missile technology, regional stability, or surreptitious listening; (3) specially designed and prepared nuclear equipment; (4) nuclear facilities, equipment, and material; (5) select agents and toxins; and (6) emerging and foundational technologies, as defined in the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (“ECRA”).
Pilot Program Covered Investment. An investment in a pilot program covered industry can trigger mandatory disclosure if the transaction affords the foreign investor person either (i) control (as traditionally defined by CFIUS) or (ii) access to material nonpublic technical information, membership or observer rights on the board or equivalent governing body, or participation in corporate decision-making in the pilot program target.
Exemption for Qualifying Limited Partners. Significantly, for private equity and other fund sponsors, the interim regulation does not sweep in deals solely on the basis of participation by foreign investors as passive limited partners in a qualifying fund structure. In particular, investments in most funds by a foreign person as a limited partner, even if the foreign limited partner participates in an advisory board or a committee, are excluded if: (1) the fund is managed exclusively by a general partner; (2) the foreign person is not the general partner; (3) the advisory board does not have the ability to approve, disapprove or otherwise control investment decisions of the fund or decisions made by the general partner; (4) the foreign person does not have the ability to control the investment fund; and (5) the foreign person does not have access to material nonpublic technical information as a result of its participation.
Strategic Considerations
Providing notice to CFIUS of a proposed transaction has, heretofore, been voluntary. Parties to a transaction could determine not to submit their transaction for review and assume the business risk that CFIUS may intervene at a later date and block or require divestiture of or other restrictions on the investment. Most transactions still fall into this category. For the first time, however, investments within the scope of the pilot program will now need to be submitted for review.
Under the pilot program, parties may choose either to submit a formal notice to CFIUS (with additional required information specific to pilot program covered transactions) or file a mandatory declaration.
If a declaration (rather than a full notice) is submitted, the Committee will have 30 days after “acceptance” to provide its assessment, resulting in one of four outcomes: (1) CFIUS could request a full formal written notice be submitted on the transaction; (2) CFIUS could advise that it cannot complete its review on the basis of the declaration, and give the parties the option to submit the transaction for full review (if they want to obtain the “safe harbor” against future intervention); (3) CFIUS could initiate a unilateral review of the transaction; or (4) CFIUS could notify the parties that it has completed its action, thereby rendering the transaction eligible for the safe harbor.
Parties to a pilot program covered transaction thus face a strategic choice of whether to seek review by declaration or by full notice. The path taken will be driven by a number of factors, including anticipated timing and whether the parties believe that the transaction presents sufficiently complex issues, so that going through the 30-day declaration procedures will likely (or even inevitably) lead to a full filing in any event.
That CFIUS filing for certain deals is now mandatory represents a watershed, but for many the landscape will not change fundamentally. The 27 industries selected for the pilot program are all sensitive from a national security standpoint, and well-advised parties would likely have elected to present the transaction for CFIUS clearance, in the case of any foreign investment that involved control over or access to critical technologies. CFIUS’s treatment of these transactions likely will bear the hallmarks of the more aggressive reviews that were undertaken even before FIRRMA passed, as CFIUS’s scrutiny began to sharpen in the final months of the Obama administration and only grew thereafter.
How CFIUS manages the increased caseload that will result from the pilot program, and what its expanded scope portends for the future implementation of FIRRMA’s authorities, are issues that will continue to come into focus in the coming months. For now, it appears to be full speed ahead for CFIUS.
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