Eight years ago in In re Synthes Shareholder Litigation,^[1] then-Chancellor Strine found that the sale of a controlled company to a third-party was not governed by entire fairness, but rather fell within the safe harbor of the business judgment rule, when the controller was equally aligned with the minority stockholders to obtain the best value reasonably available for the company. A recent decision from the Court of Chancery in Firefighters’ Pension System of the City of Kansas City v. Presidio, Inc.,^[2] however, closes this Synthes safe harbor, and indicates that third-party sales of controlled companies will be subject to enhanced judicial scrutiny in the future.

The Synthes Safe Harbor.

In Synthes, Chancellor Strine held that the sale of Synthes, Inc. to Johnson & Johnson was governed by the safe harbor of the business judgment rule because Synthes was under the control of a 52% stockholder, the controlling stockholder received the same pro rata consideration as every other stockholder in the merger, and the controlling stockholder could be expected to obtain the best price reasonably available because the controller was not under a pressing liquidity need. In such circumstances, the Court held that “pro rata treatment remains a form of safe harbor under [Delaware] law” through the business judgment rule.^[3] In reaching this result, the Synthes safe harbor offered incentives while recognizing practical realities.

First, Delaware law permits a controlling stockholder to obtain a control premium for its shares, which premium the controller does not need to share with the minority stockholders in a sale of the company.^[4] If the controller elects to keep this premium, however, then the controller would need to prove the sale was fair to the minority stockholders in any post-closing litigation.^[5]

Second, through the safe harbor of the business judgment rule, Synthes incentivized a controlling stockholder to forego a control premium and to agree to a pro rata share of the merger consideration.^[6] When the business judgment rule applies, it is likely a court would dismiss any litigation challenging the sale at the pleading stage.

Third, the Synthes safe harbor recognizes that a controlling stockholder who is not under the threat of a pressing liquidity need could be expected to obtain the best price reasonably available in a sale of the company.^[7] Thus, the Court could avoid conducting an after the fact inquiry into the reasonableness or fairness of the merger by relying on the controlling stockholder’s own desire for lucre.

The Court of Chancery Closes the Synthes Safe Harbor.

On January 29, 2021, Vice Chancellor Laster issued an Opinion in Presidio that would close the Synthes safe harbor.

Departing from Synthes, the Presidio decision holds that the sale of a controlled company to a third party would still be reviewed under the enhanced scrutiny standard articulated in Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506 A.2d 173 (Del. 1986), and its progeny. As corporate practitioners are aware, enhanced scrutiny review forgoes the deference applied by courts under the business judgment rule and instead imposes on directors the burden of demonstrating that their actions to maximize stockholder value were reasonable.

To restore the safe harbor of the business judgment rule, Presidio would require approval of the sale from the affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested shares pursuant to Corwin v. KKR Financial Holdings, LLC.^[8] While Presidio does not address the issue directly, the decision raises the question whether such approval must come from the minority stockholders. Indeed, if Presidio and Corwin would provide safe harbor protection for the sale of a controlled company when the transaction is approved by the controlling stockholder, then that result is no different form the Synthes safe harbor. But because Presidio rejects the Synthes safe harbor, the Presidio decision could be read as requiring the informed vote of a majority of the minority stockholders.

Interestingly, both the Synthes decision and the Presidio decision cite to the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in McMullin v. Beran.^[9] In McMullin, the Supreme Court held that directors of a controlled company must still satisfy Revlon’s mandate of owing their “ultimate fiduciary dut[ies] . . . to focus on whether shareholder value has been maximized.”^[10] In McMullin, the Supreme Court held that the complaint sufficiently alleged that the target board improperly delegated the negotiation of the merger to the controlling stockholder who had a short term need to raise capital to fund a $3.3 billion merger, that the target board met only once to consider the transaction that the controller had negotiated, and that half of the target board was comprised of directors dominated by the controlling stockholder with a liquidity need.^[11] The Supreme Court held these allegations were sufficient to rebut the presumption of the business judgment rule.^[12] In the McMullin decision, the Supreme Court made no reference to enhanced scrutiny review.

In Synthes, Chancellor Strine both noted that McMullin was a controversial decision at its time and questioned the holding in that decision.^[13] In Presidio, the Vice Chancellor Laster held that because Revlon offers a standard of review and McMullin recognizes that Revlon applies to a third-party sale of a controlled company, then enhanced scrutiny under Revlon must apply.^[14]

Ultimately, as Synthes and Presidio demonstrate, the standard of review applicable to a third-party sale of a controlled company, and how McMullin impacts that standard, will need to be decided by the Delaware Supreme Court.

How Will Presidio Impact Third-Party Sales of Controlled Companies?

Until the Delaware Supreme Court addresses the standard of review, one can expect the Presidio decision will lead to increased litigation risk for sales of controlled companies to third-parties.

Time will tell what impact this increased litigation risk has. Will controlling stockholders view the Presidio decision as sufficiently increasing the risk of post-closing merger litigation that the controller would be better off to insist on a premium for its own shares? Or will Delaware courts apply a healthy degree of skepticism with respect to complaints challenging such transactions, dismissing those complaints at the pleading stage? The answers to these questions may take time, subject to whether the Delaware Supreme Court has an opportunity soon to resolve the standard of review applicable to third-party sales of controlled companies.

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